notes

• verbs are “move words”
• a “self move word” is a verb that moves itself (ex: standing up)
• an “other move word” is a verb that moves something else (ex: throwing a ball)
• Japanese has a lot of self-move/other-move pairs
  • ex: 「出る」 which means “to leave” and 「出す」 which means “to take (something) out”
  • ex: 「負ける」 which means “to lose” and 「まかす」 which mean “to cause (someone) to lose”
• 「ある」 is the main self-move verb
• 「する」 is the main other-move verb
• there are guidelines to distinguish between these pairs
  • if one of the pair ends in す (or せる), it is the other-move word
  • if one of the pair end in the あ stem + ある, it is the self-move word
  • taking a verbs う stem ending and changing it to the え stem + る flips the self-move/other-move status
    • (む -> める), (ぶ -> べる), and (つ -> てる) are always the other-move words
  • exceptions not covered by these guidelines:
    • (く/ぐ -> ける/げる), (う -> える), and る-ending verbs not covered by the first two guidelines

      resources

• youtube