notes

  • the five main logical particles (「が」, 「を」, 「に」, 「へ」, and 「で」) cannot be “combined” with one another
    • these particles specify the function of their noun and nouns cannot be more than one part of speech at a time
  • the two primary logical particles (「が」 and 「を」) do not combine with the non-logical particles
    • in any directly transitive sentence, both of these particles are there (even if not visible)
  • particle combinations do not create any new meaning, they just use the function of both particles at the same time
  • ex: 「0が冬には雪だるまを作る」 means “as for in-winter, (I) make snowman”
    • 「には」 marks 「冬」 as when something is done, but also marks/contrasts it as the topic
  • ex: 「0が秋にも雪だるまを作る」 means “as for in-fall-also, (I) make snowman”
  • the nominalizing 「の」 particle can be used with any logical particle because it turns the thing before it into a noun (and nouns can be used with any logical particle)
    • ex: 「田中さんと一緒に泳ぐのが好きだ。」 means “The thing of going swimming with Tanaka-san is likable.”

      resources

  • youtube