notes

the other 「で」

  • the 「で」 particle signifies that its attached noun is where something took place or the means by which an action was done
  • there is another non-particle 「で」
  • ex: 「田中さん綺麗で優しい。」 means “Tanaka-san is clean and kind.”
    • 「綺麗」 is an adjectival noun
    • 「花が綺麗だ。」 means “The flower is pretty.”
    • 「綺麗な花。」 means “The pretty flower.”
    • 「花が綺麗で。」 means “The flower is pretty and…”
    • need to use the て form of 「だ」 to make a connection because adjectival nouns need to use the copula
  • ex: 「お元気で。」 means “Be well.”
    • this is using the て form of the copula as a command
  • ex: 「無事でよかった。」 means “Good that you weren’t hurt.”
    • this is using the て form of the copula as a connection

      the other 「が」

  • the 「が」 particle is the one particle that is required in every subject to mark the A car
  • the other 「が」 is (usually contrasting) clause connector
  • ex: 「お店に行ったがパンがなかった。」 means “I went to the store, but there was no bread.”
  • the particle 「が」 can only ever mark a noun and comes within a logical clause while the conjunctive 「が」 can only ever come after a logical clause
  • the conjunctive 「が」 is not always contrasting
  • the conjunctive 「が」 can be used a sentence ender
    • the sentence is not technically complete, but the following clause is implied
    • 「が」 at the end of the sentence is more polite than 「けど」 or 「でも」
    • ex: 「コーヒーが欲しいが。」 means “Coffee is want-making to me, but…”

      the other 「に」

  • the 「に」 particle is the targeting particle
  • the other 「に」 works similarly to 「と」 as an “and”
  • this 「に」 is more common in written Japanese
  • this 「に」 is also used in the expression 「それに」 (“furthermore” or “in addition”)

    resources

  • youtube